Debates require quick thinking and the clear articulation of ideas. The organisation and prioritisation skill set reflects students' ability to convey their ideas clearly and effectively. 辩论需要快速思考和清晰表达想法。组织和优先排序的技能组合反映了学生清晰有效传达想法的能力。
A persuasive speaker: 一位有说服力的演讲者：
- Presents their reasons in a clear, well-structured manner. Their arguments are easy to follow, and ideas may be grouped by theme 以清晰、结构良好的方式呈现理由。他们的论点容易理解，观点可以按主题分组
- Gives priority to the main arguments, and spends less time on those that are not as important 优先考虑主要论点，对不太重要的论点花费较少时间
- Has a structure which is clearly communicated to the audience, where necessary including an introduction and conclusion 具有清晰传达给听众的结构，必要时包括引言和结论
MAKING ARGUMENTS: FIRST STEPS 构建论点：初步步骤
When students begin debating, the first step will be to encourage them to express themselves clearly. Often, students will begin by delivering a 'stream of consciousness' speech, which is chaotic and hard to follow. They need to be encouraged to separate their thoughts into distinct ideas, and to label these clearly. Headlining is central to this process. 当学生开始辩论时，第一步是鼓励他们清晰表达自己。通常，学生会以"意识流"演讲开始，这种演讲混乱且难以理解。他们需要被鼓励将思想分成不同的观点，并明确标记这些观点。标题化是这一过程的核心。
HEADLINING 标题化
- Each argument needs a clear headline. If someone reads this in isolation, they should still understand what the debater wants to do in their speech. 每个论点都需要一个清晰的标题。如果有人单独阅读这个标题，他们仍然应该理解辩手在演讲中想要做什么。
- List the headlines at the beginning and end of the speech to introduce the arguments. 在演讲的开始和结束列出标题，以介绍论点。
- Arguments should be 'signposted' throughout the speech, so that it is clear where one point ends and the next begins. 论点应该在整个演讲中"指示"，以便清楚地知道一个观点在哪里结束，下一个观点在哪里开始。
Activity - the condensing machine 活动 - 浓缩机器
Learning Objectives: 学习目标：
An effective way for students to practice their listening skills, as well as to teach them to identify key information in a speech and to distinguish between central points and examples or rhetorical devices 一种让学生练习倾听技巧的有效方法，同时教会他们识别演讲中的关键信息，并区分核心观点与例子或修辞手法
Average time: 平均时间： 5 minutes 5分钟
Use with: 适用于： All age groups; (debating and public speaking) 所有年龄段；（辩论和公共演讲）
Activity plan: 活动计划： Ask a member of the group to speak for 1 minute on a topic. Ask a second student to speak for 30 seconds, summarising what the previous speaker said. Then ask a third student to summarise the previous speech in 10 seconds. Make sure students do not add different and new ideas in each speech, but rather focus on the main points of the previous speaker.Ask a member of the group to speak for 1 minute on a topic. Ask a second student to speak for 30 seconds, summarising what the previous speaker said. Then ask a third student to summarise the previous speech in 10 seconds. Make sure students do not add different and new ideas in each speech, but rather focus on the main points of the previous speaker. 请小组中的一名成员就一个话题发言1分钟。请第二位学生用30秒时间总结前一位发言者所说的内容。然后请第三位学生在10秒内总结前一个演讲。确保学生在每次发言中不添加不同和新的想法，而是专注于前一位发言者的主要观点。
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