A persuasive speaker: 一位有说服力的演讲者：

• Demonstrates attentive listening by engaging with the ideas of others 通过参与他人的想法展示专注的倾听能力
• Responds to others with precise analysis or questioning, supporting or challenging their ideas 以精确的分析或质疑回应他人，支持或挑战他们的观点
• Uses good judgement to select and respond to the most important arguments in the debate 运用良好的判断力选择并回应辩论中最重要的论点

REBUTTAL: FIRST STEPS 反驳：初步步骤

Rebuttal is a denial or counter-argument to someone else's argument. Students should be encouraged to begin their speeches with some rebuttal. This is their chance to confront their opponent, and weaken their argument. 反驳是对他人论点的否定或反论。应鼓励学生在演讲开始时进行一些反驳。这是他们confronting对手并削弱其论点的机会。

For example: 'I have three arguments today. They are A, B and C. But first, I'm going to give some rebuttal. The previous speaker said X, but I disagree because…' 例如："我今天有三个论点。它们是A、B和C。但首先，我要进行一些反驳。上一位演讲者说了X，但我不同意，因为..."

DEVELOPING REBUTTAL 发展反驳技巧

When trying to think of effective rebuttal students can use the 'Not true, not important' method. This method encourages students to attack the logical substance of an argument, rather than taking pot-shots at examples, or simply making opposing assertions. 当尝试思考有效反驳时，学生可以使用"不真实，不重要"的方法。这种方法鼓励学生攻击论点的逻辑实质，而不是针对例子进行零星批评，或者简单地提出相反的断言。

For example: This house would ban single-sex schools 例如：本方支持禁止单性别学校

'Proposition said that some people don't want to go to single sex schools because of their religion. This isn't true: proposition didn't explain any religious laws saying you must have mixed-sex education. Also, this isn't important because even if single-sex schools exist, those people can still choose to have mixed-sex education!' "正方说有些人因为宗教原因不想去单性别学校。这不是真的：正方没有解释任何规定必须接受混合性别教育的宗教法律。此外，这也不重要，因为即使单性别学校存在，这些人仍然可以选择接受混合性别教育！"

SUMMARY SPEECHES: FIRST STEPS 总结演讲：初步步骤

Students often think summary speeches are going to be easy, because according to the rules they can't offer any brand new material. However, giving a good summary speech is one of the hardest things to learn to do. 学生们常常认为总结演讲很容易，因为根据规则，他们不能提供任何全新的材料。然而，做一个好的总结演讲是最难学会的事情之一。

Summary speeches are often described as 'biased news reports': a summary speaker has to give the facts about what happened in the debate (and can't leave out good arguments made by other teams), but they should present this information in a way that shows that their team is winning. 总结演讲常被描述为"有偏见的新闻报道"：总结演讲者必须陈述辩论中发生的事实（并且不能遗漏其他队伍提出的好论点），但他们应该以一种表明自己团队正在获胜的方式呈现这些信息。

To do this, summary speeches should: 为此，总结演讲应该：

• Group the arguments by theme. These can be phrased as questions, e.g. 'Is gambling addictive?' 'Is it the government's job to prevent people from harming themselves?' 'Does banning gambling really reduce choice?' 按主题分组论点。这些可以表述为问题，例如："赌博会上瘾吗？""防止人们伤害自己是政府的工作吗？""禁止赌博真的会减少选择吗？"
• Provide additional rebuttal in areas where it is needed, and respond to questions from the floor. As far as possible, this should be integrated into the themes 在需要的地方提供额外的反驳，并回应现场提出的问题。尽可能地，这些应该整合到主题中

For example: 'Is gambling addictive? We argued no. The proposition team said gambling was addictive because… My partner argued it wasn't addictive because… Our argument was stronger because…' 例如："赌博会上瘾吗？我们认为不会。正方说赌博会上瘾是因为...我的搭档认为它不会上瘾是因为...我们的论点更强有力是因为..."

POINTS OF INFORMATION 信息点

What are they? 什么是信息点？

Most debating formats also allow students to make 'points of information', which can be offered during main speeches (but not during the summary speeches. They can be offered only by speakers from the other team (so not from team-mates, and not from the audience). 大多数辩论形式还允许学生提出"信息点"，这可以在主要演讲期间提出（但不能在总结演讲中提出）。信息点只能由对方队伍的讲者提出（因此不能来自队友，也不能来自观众）。

Points of information are short (under 10 seconds) statements or questions that should challenge the current speaker's arguments. 信息点是简短的（不超过10秒）声明或问题，旨在挑战当前讲者的论点。

How can they be offered? 如何提出信息点？

Someone who wants to give a POI should stand up, and say 'Point of information', 'Madam', 'Sir' or the speaker's name. The current speaker can then either accept or decline that point of information. If declined, the person offering the point of information must sit down immediately without further comment. If accepted, the person offering the point of information can then give their point of information. 想要提出信息点的人应该站起来，说"信息点"、"女士"、"先生"或讲者的名字。当前讲者随后可以接受或拒绝该信息点。如果被拒绝，提供信息点的人必须立即坐下，不得进一步评论。如果被接受，提供信息点的人可以给出他们的信息点。

How should they be used? 应该如何使用信息点？

Each speaker should take 1-3 points of information during their speech. Not taking any points of information is unfair on other teams. Taking too many points of information will damage the speaker's planned speech. 每位讲者在演讲中应接受1-3个信息点。不接受任何信息点对其他队伍不公平。接受过多的信息点会破坏讲者的计划演讲。

RESPONDING TO POINTS OF INFORMATION 回应信息点

Many students find that points of information offer a thrilling opportunity to think on their feet and respond quickly and directly to critique. However, sometimes this can be quite nerve-wracking, or even intimidating. Fortunately, there are many methods we can use when responding to points of information which minimise any sense of panic, and maximise the efficacy of our response. 许多学生发现信息点提供了一个令人兴奋的机会，让他们能够随机应变并快速直接地回应批评。然而，有时这可能相当令人紧张，甚至感到恐惧。幸运的是，在回应信息点时，我们可以使用许多方法来减少恐慌感，并最大限度地提高回应的有效性。

What to do 应该怎么做

• Respond to the POI as directly as possible: students should listen carefully to identify the objection being made, and counter it either using a new argument or by referring their opponent back to arguments that have already been made 尽可能直接地回应信息点：学生应仔细聆听以识别所提出的反对意见，并通过使用新论点或引导对手回到已经提出的论点来反驳它
• Don't let the POI derail the speech: students should try to return to their planned speech structure as quickly as possible 不要让信息点扰乱演讲：学生应尝试尽快回到计划的演讲结构
• If a student isn't sure how to respond to a POI, they shouldn't stop speaking completely. Instead, a common tactic is to say something like 'I'll deal with that point in a moment' and continue with the speech as planned. This way, the speech can continue, and if a good response comes to mind, you can give it later on (and if not, at least the POI didn't ruin your speech) 如果学生不确定如何回应信息点，他们不应完全停止说话。相反，一个常见的策略是说类似"我稍后会处理那个观点"的话，并按计划继续演讲。这样，演讲可以继续，如果想到了好的回应，可以稍后给出（如果没有，至少信息点没有破坏你的演讲）